Add more design documents (#742)

* Add more design documents

This change adds a set of documents about the design/implementation of the Slang compiler intended for helping to onboard new contributors, explain some of the choices that go into the current implementation, and outline the broad strokes of some of our future feature goals.

As explained in the `README` for these docs, I don't expect them to be kept in sync with the code in the long run; there is no expectation that people making a PR for code changes also go and fix up these documents.
The purpose of these is to add a bit of a "historical record" of design choices and project goals to the project itself, so they can be browsed in a way that is more convenient than the issue tracker or source control history.

The "Coding Conventions" document is very much a first attempt, and I'm not 100% wedded to any of the decisions in there.
We haven't enforced consistent conventions so far, but the importance of having something in place will only grow with the number of contributors.

* Edits based on review

* Fix many typos (thanks @jsmall-nvidia)

* Change up some language in coding conventions based on discussions since when it was originally written. I'm still not 100% sure about some of the choices in there, but we need to get *something* established.

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