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The big picture here is that an `extension` can now apply to an interface type and provide convenience methods for all types that implement that interface. Suppose you have an interface for counters:
interface ICounter { [mutating] void add(int val); }
and a type that implements it:
struct SimpleCounter : ICounter { int _state = 0; ... }
If a common operation in your codebase is to increment a counter by adding one, you would be faced with the problem of either:
* Add the `increment()` operation to `ICounter`, and force every implementation to implement the new requirement
* Add the `increment()` operation to concrete counter types as needed, and thus not be able to use it in generic code
* Make `increment()` a global ("free") function, and force clients of counters to have to know which operations use member syntax (`c.add(...)`) and which use global function call syntax (`increment(c)`).
The whole idea of `extension`s is to allow for another option that is better than all of the above:
extension ICounter { [mutating] void increment() { this.add(1); } }
The core of the implementation is relatively straightforward, and consists of two complementary pieces.
The first piece is that when emitting a concrete IR entity (function/type/whatever) we treat any enclosing `interface` type (or `extension` thereof) a bit like an enclosing `GenericDecl`, and introduce an `IRGeneric` to wrap things. The generic `IRGeneric` has parameters representing the `This` type for the interface, along with the witness table that shows how `This` conforms to the interface itself.
We thus end up with an IR version of `increment()` something like:
void increment<This : ICounter>(This this) { this.add(1); }
The second (complementary) fix is that when there is code that references this `increment()` operation, we don't treat it like an interface requirement (look up based on its key), and instead treat it like a generic (since that is how it is lowered now) and speciaize it to the information we can glean from the `ThisTypeSubstitution`.
A related fix that is required here is that within the body of `increment`, when we perform `this.add`, we need to ensure that the lookup of `add` in the base interface properly takes into account the subtype relationship (`This : ICounter`) and encodes it into the lookup result, so that we get `((ICounter) this).add`, and properly generate code that looks up the `add` method in the witness table for `This`.
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