First pass at a language reference (#1279)

* First pass at a language reference

We already had the `language-guide.md` document under `docs/`, but this is an attempt to introduce a more full-featured reference to the Slang language and its features.

Right now it is mostly focused on the syntax and what the language allows to be declared, and it is a little light on semantic details throughout (mostly relying on familiarity with C to explain the things that are left unsaid). Even so, this hopefully provides a starting point to continue adding more detail.

* typos and other small fixes

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