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If the user has a derived `struct` type:
```hlsl
struct Base { int b = 1; }
struct Derived : Base { int d = 2; }
```
Then it is still reasonable for them to want to use initializer lists when declaring variables using the `Derived` type:
```hlsl
Derived x = {};
Derived y = { 7, 8 };
```
This change implements two missing pieces of functionality in the Slang compiler to allow this case:
* First, when the front-end semantic checks are applied to an initializer list, if the type being initialized is a derived `struct` type it always expects to find initialization arguments for its base type before those for its fields.
* Second, when lowering an initializer-list expression from the AST to the IR, the compiler expects the first argument in the list to be the initial value for the base field (if any). This also applies to default-initialization of fields/variables.
This change slightly entangles front-end logic with the logic for how struct inheritance is lowered to the IR, but the behavior is unlikely to confuse users who expect C++-like layout.
It is worth noting that with this change it should be possible to initialize the base type using either a nested initializer list or flat arguments:
```hlsl
struct BigBase { int x; int y; int z; }
struct BigDerived : BigBase { int w; }
BigDerived a = { {1,2,3}, 4 };
BigDerived b = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
```
This behavior should Just Work because of the existing C-like rules for initializer lists where an aggregate can be initialized by either a `{}`-enclosed block or distinct values for its leaf fields.
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* Another fix for overriding property decls
The central problem we keep running into with `property` decls in `interface`s comes down to two choices:
1. When a member lookup `obj.someName` or a simple lookup for `someName` produces an overloaded result, we make no attempt to resolve the overloading right away, and instead postpone disambiguation until the point where that expression gets *used*, in case the context where it gets used can help in disambiguation (a notable case being when there is a call expression `obj.someName(...)` or `someName(...)`).
2. When looking up members in a the scope of a type (either for `obj.someName` or `someName` in the context of a method), we include all results from base types in the set of overloads returned, even in cases where the type has a direct member that "overrides" the inherited one.
The combination of these factors means that when a `struct` type implements a `property` to satisfy a requirement of an inherited `interface`, then references to `obj.someProp` end up being ambiguous between the property in the concrete `struct` type and the property it inherits through the `interface`.
There is no quick fix possible for issue (2). It might seem that we could just skip over members inherited through `interface`s when doing lookup in a type, but that solution wouldn't apply to inheritance from another `struct` type, or any future scenario where we support default implementations of methods in interfaces. The simple idea of saying that a derived-type member named `M` hides all inherited members named `M` is possible, but would lead to a bad user interface when a type wants to support both a core "bottleneck" method and a bunch of convenience overloads with the same name.
That leaves us with issue (1), and trying to find a reasonable fix for it. The common case is that any expression `e` eventually gets used in a context where it will be be subject to disambiguation:
* If we form a call expression `e(...)`, then the overload resolution logic will (obviously) work to disambiguate which `e` was meant.
* If `e` is used as an argument to another call (`f(... e ...)` or `... + e`), then `e` will be coerced to the expected parameter type for its argument position, and that coercion will disambiguate it (this is the bit that was fixed in #1501)
* If `e` is used in another context where a type is expected/known, it will also be coerced: `if(e)`, `int v = e`, etc.
The problem case that is left behind is any scenario where `e` is not subject to one of the above resolution cases, which mostly amounts to cases where an expression is never coerced to a single fixed type. There are a few important cases where this occurs today:
* When the expression is used as the left-hand side of an assignement (`e = ...`).
* When an expression is used to initialize a variable with an implicit type (`let v = e`).
* When inferring generic arguments from the value arguments at a call site (`f(e)` where `f` is defined as `f<T>(T v)`)
The key connecting thread in each of these cases is that the front-end needs to determine the type of `e` to make progress.
Our semantic checking logic already has functions that try to draw a distinction between the two cases:
* The `CheckTerm()` operation is supposed to be used when we expect that we will eventually coerce or otherwise diambiguate the term, and also in cases where we don't yet know if a term should name a type or a value
* The `CheckExpr()` operation is supposed to be used when we do not expect that we will apply coercion/disambiguation to a term, and need to have assurances that it has been coerced into a non-overloaded expression with a reasonable type
The simple part of the fix made here is to make `CheckExpr()` actually do part of what it is suppsoed to (attempt to disambiguate overloaded terms), and then audit all the call sites to `CheckExpr()` to make sure they are actually ones that intend to opt into that logic.
The messier part of the fix is dealing with generic argument inference, because we need to extract the type of the disambiguated expression for the purposes of inference, but we don't want to disturb the actual argument list at a call site (because type coercion of the arguments is supposed to handle the disambiguation). This part is done with a bit of special-casing in the overload-resolution context, by adding a method that gets the type or an argument after disambiguation (when possible).
* fixup
Co-authored-by: Yong He <yonghe@outlook.com>
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Our current lookup process always finds *all* members of a type, which can include both an inherited member (e.g., from an `interface`) and one that logically overrides/implements it. If something downstream doesn't filter this result down and favor the derived member, then an ambiguity error will result.
To date, this has mostly been a non-issue because we haven't emphasized inheritance, and the main case we did support (`struct` types implemented `interface` methods) gets disambiguated as part of overload resolution for function calls.
Recent changes to support `property` declarations to `interface`s add the possibility for ambiguity between a "base" and "derived" declaration that can't rely on overload resolution for disambiguation.
The approach in this PR is to add disambiguation logic to the other main place where the results of lookup get used. If a lookup result is being assigned to a variable, passed to a function, or otherwise used in a case where a value of a specific type is needed, it will be "coerced" to the desired type. This change makes it so that the first step in the coercion logic is to try to disambiguate the expression that is being coerced.
In order to ensure that an overloaded expression can be detected and resolved even when just checking if coercion is possible, I needed to update the `canCoerce*()` functions to also take the expression that is being tested for coercibility, and not just its type. There is only one case (that I saw) where coercion checks were being made without an expression value available, and that case didn't actually need/want to handle overloading.
In order to test the fixes here, I added logic to the `property`-in-`interface` test to make sure that the critical cases work as expected (references to a derived member using "dot syntax" and "implicit `this`" syntax).
Alternatives Considered
-----------------------
The first attempt at this fix took a simpler approach: I added the disambiguation logic as a post-process on member lookup. That is, given `obj.foo` I would take the `LookupResult` for `foo` and immediately try to filter it to include only the most-derived members. This approach has the major benefit of catching even more use cases of values (and thus helping to ensure that we don't spend forever chasing down more of these ambiguity errors), but it also has two critical problems:
1. If we only trigger disambiguation when looking up `obj.foo`, then we can't do anything to help when `foo` is looked up as an ordinary identifier, but is actually equivalent to `this.foo`. A full fix would require doing this disambiguation on *every* name lookup, which leads to the second issue:
2. It is important that for a method call like `obj.m(...)` we do *not* disambiguate when looking up `obj.m`, and instead let the overload resolution for the call resolve things. That choice is what makes it possible to call an inherited `m` declaration even when there is a derived `m` with a different signature.
Issue (1) is covered by the test case that was added here, but we should probably have a test case for (2) to make sure we don't break that use case.
Caveats
-------
An important case that we don't solve in this PR is when the result of a lookup is captured in a variable without an explicit type:
let f = obj.foo;
That case also needs disambiguation, and should be addressed in a later change.
A secondary issue is that our approach to prioritizing declarations during lookup is still quite naive. We really need a way for lookup to attach information about nesting of scopes to results (to be clear that results from inner scopes should be preferred over those from outer scopes), as well as have a robust mechanism for comparing the priority of members based on the inheritance graph of a type. This change doesn't do anything to make the situation better or worse.
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* Add a ASTBuilder to a Module
Only construct on valid ASTBuilder (was being called on nullptr on occassion)
* Add nodes to ASTBuilder.
* Compiles with RefPtr removed from AST node types.
* Initialize all AST node pointer variables in headers to nullptr;
* Initialize AST node variables as nullptr.
Make ASTBuilder keep a ref on node types.
Make SyntaxParseCallback returns a NodeBase
* Don't release canonicalType on dtor (managed by ASTBuilder).
* Give ASTBuilders a name and id, to help in debugging.
For now destroy the session TypeCache, to stop it holding things released when the compile request destroys ASTBuilders.
* Moved the TypeCheckingCache over to Linkage from Session.
* NodeBase no longer derived from RefObject.
* Only add/dtor nodes that need destruction.
First pass compile on linux.
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* First steps toward inheritance for struct types
This change adds the ability for a `struct` type to declare a base type that is another `struct`:
```hlsl
struct Base
{
int baseMember;
}
struct Derived : Base
{
int derivedMember;
}
```
The semantics of the feature are that code like the above desugars into code like:
```hlsl
struct Base
{
int baseMember;
}
struct Derived
{
Base _base;
int derivedMember;
}
```
At points where a member from the base type is being projected out, or the value is being implicitly cast to the base type, the compiler transforms the code to reference the implicitly-generated `_base` member. That means code like this:
```hlsl
void f(Base b);
...
Derived d = ...;
int x = d.baseMember;
f(d);
```
gets transformed into a form like this:
```hlsl
void f(Base b);
...
Derived d = ...;
int x = d._base.baseMember;
f(d._base);
```
Note that as a result of this choice, the behavior when passing a `Derived` value to a function that expects a `Base` (including to inherited member functions) is that of "object shearing" from the C++ world: the called function can only "see" the `Base` part of the argument, and any operations performed on it will behave as if the value was indeed a `Base`. There is no polymorphism going on because Slang doesn't currently have `virtual` methods.
In an attempt to work toward inheritance being a robust feature, this change adds a bunch of more detailed logic for checking the bases of various declarations:
* An `interface` declaration is only allowed to inherit from other `interface`s
* An `extension` declaration can only introduce inheritance from `interface`s
* A `struct` declaration can only inherit from at most one other `struct`, and that `struct` must be the first entry in the list of bases
This change also adds a mechanism to control whether a `struct` or `interface` in one module can inherit from a `struct` or `interface` declared in another module:
* If the base declaration is marked `[open]`, then the inheritance is allowed
* If the base declaration is marked `[sealed]`, then the inheritance is allowed
* If it is not marked otherwise, a `struct` is implicitly `[sealed]`
* If it is not marked otherwise, an `interface` is implicitly `[open]`
These seem like reasonable defaults. In order to safeguard the standard library a bit, the interfaces for builtin types have been marked `[sealed]` to make sure that a user cannot declare a `struct` and then mark it as a `BuiltinFloatingPointType`. This step should bring us a bit closer to being able to document and expose these interfaces for built-in types so that users can write code that is generic over them.
There are some big caveats with this work, such that it really only represents a stepping-stone toward a usable inheritance feature. The most important caveats are:
* If a `Derived` type tries to conform to an interface, such that one or more interface requirements are satisfied with members inherited from the `Base` type, that is likely to cause a crash or incorrect code generation.
* If a `Derived` type tries to inherit from a `Base` type that conforms to one or more interfaces, the witness table generated for the conformance of `Derived` to that interface is likely to lead to a crash or incorrect code generation.
It is clear that solving both of those issues will be necessary before we can really promote `struct` inheritance as a feature for users to try out.
* fixup: trying to appease clang error
* fixups: review feedback
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* Small improvements to documentation and code around DiagnosticSink
* Made methods/functions in slang-syntax.h be lowerCamel
Removed some commented out source (was placed elsewhere in code)
* Making AST related methods and function lowerCamel.
Made IsLeftValue -> isLeftValue.
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* Compiles.
* Small tidy up around session/ASTBuilder.
* Tests are now passing.
* Fix Visual Studio project.
* Fix using new X to use builder when protectedness of Ctor is not enough.
Substitute->substitute
* Add some missing ast nodes created outside of ASTBuilder.
* Compile time check that ASTBuilder is making an AST type.
* Moced findClasInfo and findSyntaxClass (essentially the same thing) to SharedASTBuilder from Session.
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* Fields from upper to lower case in slang-ast-decl.h
* Lower camel field names in slang-ast-stmt.h
* Fix fields in slang-ast-expr.h
* slang-ast-type.h make fields lowerCamel.
* slang-ast-base.h members functions lowerCamel.
* Method names in slang-ast-type.h to lowerCamel.
* GetCanonicalType -> getCanonicalType
* Substitute -> substitute
* Equals -> equals
ToString -> toString
* ParentDecl -> parentDecl
Members -> members
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* * Added MemberFilterStyle - controls action of FilteredMemberList and FilteredMemberRefList
* Splt out template implementations
* Use more standard method names dofr FilteredMemberRefList
* Added reflect-static.slang test
* Added isNotEmpty/isEmpty to filtered lists
* Added ability to index into filtered list (so not require building of array)
* Default MemberFilterStyle to All.
* Remove explicit MemberFilterStyle::All
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* Improve checks and diagnostics around redeclarations
This change turns checking for redeclarations into a dedicated phase of semantic checking, and ensures that it applies to the main categories of declarations: functions, types, and variables.
Note that "variables" here includes function parameters and `struct` fields in addition to the more obvious global and local variables.
Some of the logic for checking redeclarations already existed for functions, and was refactored to deal with other cases of declarations. The checking for functions still needs to be special-cased because functions are much more flexible about the kinds of redeclarations that are allowed.
In addition to improving the diagnosis of redeclaration itself, this change also changes the error message that is produced when referencing a symbol that is ambiguous due to begin redeclared.
This is a small quality-of-life fix, and has the benefit of being much easier to implement than robust tracking of what variables have had redeclaration errors issued so that we can skip emitting an ambiguity error at the use site.
A new test case was added to cover the redeclaration cases for variables (but not types or functions), and the test for function parameters was updated to account for the new more universal diagnostic message (since function parameters used to have special-case redeclaration checking).
* fixup: missing file
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* Support conversion from int/uint to enum types
The basic feature here is tiny, and is summarized in the code added to the stdlib:
```
extension __EnumType
{
__init(int val);
__init(uint val);
}
```
The front-end already makes all `enum` types implicitly conform to `__EnumType` behind the scenes, and this `extension` makes it so that all such types inherit some initializers (`__init` declarations, aka. "constructors") that take `int` and `uint`.
(Note: right now all `__init` declarations in Slang are assumed to be implemented as intrinsics using `kIROp_Construct`. This obviously needs to change some day, especially so that we can support user-defined initializers.)
Actually making this *work* required a bit of fleshing out pieces of the compiler that had previously been a bit ad hoc to be a bit more "correct." Most of the rest of this description is focused on those details, since the main feature is not itself very exciting.
When overload resolution sees an attempt to "call" a type (e.g., `MyType(3.0)`) it needs to add appropriate overload candidates for the initializers in that type, which may take different numbers and types of parameters. The existing code for handling this case was using an ad hoc approach to try to enumerate the initializer declarations to consider, which might be found via inheritance, `extension` declarations, etc.
In practice, the ad hoc logic for looking up initializers was just doing a subset of the work that already goes into doing member lookup. Changing the code so that it effectively does lookup for `MyType.__init` allows us to look up initializers in a way that is consistent with any other case of member lookup. Generalizing this lookup step brings us one step closer to being able to go from an `enum` type `E` to an initializer defined on an `extension` of an `interface` that `E` conforms to.
One casualty of using the ordinary lookup logic for initializers is that we used to pass the type being constructed down into the logic that enumerated the initializers, which made it easier to short-circuit the part of overload resolution that usually asks "what type does this candidate return."
It might seem "obvious" that an initializer/constructor on type `Foo` should return a value of type `Foo`, but that isn't necessarily true.
Consider the `__BuiltinFloatingPointType` interface, which requires all the built-in floating-point types (`float`, `double`, `half`) to have an initializer that can take a `float`.
If we call that interface in a generic context for `T : __BuiltinFloatingPointType`, then we want to treat that initializer as returning `T` and not `__BuiltinFloatingPointType`.
Without the ad hoc logic in initializer overload resolution, this is the exact problem that surfaced for the stdlib definition of `clamp`.
The solution to the "what type does an initializer return" problem was to introduce a notion of a `ThisType`, which refers to the type of `this` in the body of an interface.
More generally, we will eventually want to have the keyword `This` be the type-level equivalent of `this`, and be usable inside any type.
The `calcThisType` function introduced here computes a reasonable `Type` to represent the value of `This` within a given declaration.
Inside of concrete type it refers to the type itself, while in an `interface` it will always be a `ThisType`.
The existing `ThisTypeSubstitution`s, previously only applied to associated types, now apply to `ThisType`s as well, in the same situations.
The next roadblock for making the simple declarations for `__EnumType` work was that the lookup logic was only doing lookup through inheritance relationships when the type being looked up in was an `interface`.
The logic in play was reasonable: if you are doing lookup in a type `T` that inherits from `IFoo`, then why bother looking for `IFoo::bar` when there must be a `T::bar` if `T` actually implements the interface?
The catch in this case is that `IFoo::bar` might not be a requirement of `IFoo`, but rather a concrete method added via an `extension`, in which case `T` need not have its own concrete `bar`.
The simple/obvious fix here was to make the lookup logic always include inherited members, even when looking up through a concrete type.
Of course, if we allow lookup to see `IFoo::bar` when looking up on `T`, then we have the problem that both `T::bar` and `IFoo::bar` show up in the lookup results, and potentially lead to an "ambiguous overload" error.
This problem arises for any interface rquirement (so both methods and associated types right now).
In order to get around it, I added a somewhat grungy check for comparing overload candidates (during overload resolution) or `LookupResultItem`s (during resolution of simple overloaded identifiers) that considers a member of a concrete type as automatically "better" than a member of an interface.
The Right Way to solve this problem in the long run requires some more subtlety, but for now this check should Just Work.
One final wrinkle is that due to our IR lowering pass being a bit overzealous, we currently end up trying to emit IR for those new `__init` declarations, which ends up causing us to try and emit IR for a `ThisType`.
That is a case that will require some subtlty to handle correctly down the line, for for now we do the expedient thing and emit the `ThisType` for `IFoo` as `IFoo` itself, which is not especially correct, but doesn't matter since the concrete initializer won't ever be called.
* testing: add more debug output to Unix process launch function
* testing: increase timeout when running command-line tests
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* Added RiffReadHelper
* Move type to fourCC in Chunk simplifies some code.
* Make MemoryArena able to track external blocks.
Allow ownership of Data to vary.
Changed IR serialization to use moved allocations to avoid copies.
As it turns out all of the array writes could use unowned data, but doing so requires the IRData to stay in scope longer than IRSerialData, which it does at the moment - but perhaps needs better naming or a control for the feature.
* Write out slang-module container.
* WIP on -r option.
Loading modules - with -r.
* Making the serialized-module run (without using imported module).
* Split compiling module from the test.
* Separate module compilation with a function working.
* Remove serialization test as not used.
* Fix warning on gcc.
* Updated test to have types across module boundary.
* Allow entry point declaration.
A test that tries to build with just an entry point declaration and a module.
* Try to make link work with multiple modules.
* Multi module linking first pass working.
* Multi module test working with -module-name option
* Added feature to repro manifest of approximation of command line that was used.
* Use isDefinition - for determining to add decorations to entry point lowering.
* Added support for repo-file-system.h
More precise control of CacheFileSystem.
Allow RelativeFileSystem to strip paths optionally.
Use canonical paths in PathInfo cache.
Fix bug in -D options for command line output of StateSerailizeUtil
* Add missing slang-options.h
* Fix bug in bit slang-state-serialize.cpp with bit removal.
* Added documentation around -repro-file-system
Added spLoadReproAsFileSystem function.
* Fix warning.
* spAddLibraryReference
* * Add support for slang-lib extension
* Container output when using -no-codegen option
* Use the m_containerFormat to determine if the module container is constructed.
Store the result in a blob. This allows for potential access via the API.
Write the blob if a filename is set.
Use m_ prefix for container variables.
* Added spGetContainerCode.
Made spGetCompileRequestCode work.
* Use enum class for BasicTypeKey - removed type pun/bit field usage.
Specifed invalid BasicTypeKey value.
Fixed problem on gcc 7.4 not compiling claiming an uninitialized variable could be used.
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The semantic checking logic was all inside `slang-check.cpp` and as a result this was a monster file that was extremely hard to follow. This change splits `slang-check.cpp` into several smaller files, although some of the resulting files are still quite large.
This change attempts to be a copy-paste job as much as possible and does *not* perform any cleanup on naming, structure, duplication, etc. in the code it deal with. No function bodies or signatures have been touched.
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